24.11.2008
Wunpawng sha ni a nga pra sa wa ai ginru ginsa lam ningmu ningnan ... Daw VIII
Laklai ai ningmu langai gaw Anthropologist Jonathan Friendman ngu ai wa ka ai lam rai nga ai. Shi tsun ai lam hta gaw Asia dan a shinggyim nga sat nga sa hta Kachin amyu ni a nga sat nga sa makam hte uphkang masa hta npawt de tawn ai lam rai nga ai.
"... I shall attempt to present the Kachin in terms of a larger theoretical model in which what appears as oscillation is but part of a multiliner development generated by a specific structure of social reproduction, and the evolution of 'Asiatic' states as well as devolution toward more permanently 'egalitarian' big-man societies both result from the underlying properties of a single tribal system.
Ndai ningmu a majaw anhte a labau hta moi na Jinghpo nta ni, jawjau ai lam ni, Madai jawjau ai kaw nna madai e jaw ai hphkang na ahkang aya ni a majaw Du magam dai kaw nna Hkawhkam byin wa ai lam, nat jaw Duwa nta hta Madai dap kaw nga ai kaw nna prat hte prat Miwa ni a uphkang system hta tsaw dik ai Hkawhkam, Hkringmang ni salang dap, yu maya mung masha, mayam dap ni byin wa ai.
Dai kaw nna maren mara rai uphkang chye ai (Democratic) masa de bai shadu ya ai lam rai nga ai. Dai hpe "egalitarian" society ngu nna malu ai. Dai re majaw anhte Wunpawng sha ni a moi kaw na woi-awn ai Jinghpo Du ni a Madai dap nga ai nta gaw Miwa (Han amyu) masha ni rai n pra shi yang na Asia dan ting a kasi npawt rai nga ai lam hpe tsun ma ai.
Shingre majaw "Dian" prat na Hkawhkam ni a htunghking hta Wunpawng sha ni a htunghking ni maka ni lawm nga ai hpe mu lu ai. Nanchao Hkawhkam prat mung Wunpawng sha ni a Htunghking rai nga ai. Jahtum tsun ga nga yang anhte a Jiwa ni woi lai wa sai, Uphkang masa, Tara Jeyang ai htunghking masa ni gaw Asia dan ting a npawt rai nga ai hpe tang madun dat ai.
Ginchyum dat ga nga yang anhte Wunpawng sha ni a ginru ginsa ningmu ningnan ngu ai gaw:-
1. Sinna ga de na Hpaji ninghkring ni moi tsun masat tawn ai gaw Kachin amyu masha ni ya nga ai Jinghpaw mungdaw de du shang wa ai tsaban 16 AD (1500+) aten e re ngu ai kaw na 5th Century AD (400) ning jan hkan nna rai nga sai lam hpe chye lu ai.
2. Nanchao mungdan ngu ai gaw moi prat e Sam amyu masha ni a hkik hkam ai prat re ngu ningmu kaw nna "Jinghpo" amyu ni re ngu ai lam hpe Miwa labau sara ni hkap la wa ai lam rai nga ai. Ndai ni gaw 200 AD jan kaw nna 600AD-700 ning hkan du hkra nna pyi sinna de Hugawng ga hte India ga sinpraw Mekhong hka, Dingda de Bay of Bengal du hkra ginhkrang nga ai amyu ni re lam ni rai nga ai.
3. "Dian" kingdom ngu ai hta mung anhte gaw moi BC 475 shaning kaw nna BC 200 laman hkik hkam ai amyu hta lawm nga ai lam ningmu ningnan ni rai nga ai. Kunming tribes ngu ai ningmu ni rai nga ai.
4. Ginru ginsa hta Gansu Mung, Sichuan Mung, Qinhai, Shaaxi mung ni hta Qiang ngu ai amyu lakung kaw nna anhte Wunpawng sha ni yu hkrat wa ai ngu ai lam ni rai nga ai. Qiang amyu hpe daini na gaw hte gaw Tibeto-Burman ga shaga ai htinggaw ngu na masa re.
5. Bai nna Wunpawng sha ni Gauri kawng e nga lai wa sai sakse ni a lam hpe sagawn lu ai lam ni rai nga ai.
6. Asia dan ting a uphkang, jawjau ai masa gaw anhte Wunpawng sha ni kaw nna rai nga ai lam hpe hpungdim dat let shana dat ai lam rai.
Mahta ai laika
1. Jangma La: 2005 "Jangma ni a labau".
2. Maran Brang Di: "Kachin Ahtik labau 2004".
3. Lawang Li: 1992 Jinghpaw Wunpawng sha ni nga pra hkrat wa ai ahtik labau.
4. Manam Tawng a lakjet: 2006 JW Ginru ginsa labau dup Ginrat hpawng
5. Gauri Hkun Awng hte san-htai 2007
6. Benedict, Paul.K. 1946. A Conspectus of Tibeto-Burman. Australia.
7. Gernet, Jacques 2005 "A History of Chinese Civilization, Cambridge, USA".
8. Friedman Jonathan 1984 "Tribes, States and Transformations"; USA.
9. Harrell, Steven: 1997 "Yi" Univ. California press, USA.
10. Hall, DGE: 1956 "Burma: Univ. of London.
11. 1981, "A History of South-East Asia". Univ. of London.
12. Harvey G.E. 1925 "History of Burma, London".
13. Leach, Edmund: 1954 "Politcal Systems of Highland Burma, London".
14. Shouyi, Bai 2002: An Outline History of China, FL. Press Beijing.
15. Wang Zhusheng: 1997 "The Jinghpo Kachin of the Yunnan Plateau". USA.
16. Zengqi, Zhang: 2000 "Bronze Arts of Dian Kingdom" Yunnan, China
"... I shall attempt to present the Kachin in terms of a larger theoretical model in which what appears as oscillation is but part of a multiliner development generated by a specific structure of social reproduction, and the evolution of 'Asiatic' states as well as devolution toward more permanently 'egalitarian' big-man societies both result from the underlying properties of a single tribal system.
Ndai ningmu a majaw anhte a labau hta moi na Jinghpo nta ni, jawjau ai lam ni, Madai jawjau ai kaw nna madai e jaw ai hphkang na ahkang aya ni a majaw Du magam dai kaw nna Hkawhkam byin wa ai lam, nat jaw Duwa nta hta Madai dap kaw nga ai kaw nna prat hte prat Miwa ni a uphkang system hta tsaw dik ai Hkawhkam, Hkringmang ni salang dap, yu maya mung masha, mayam dap ni byin wa ai.
Dai kaw nna maren mara rai uphkang chye ai (Democratic) masa de bai shadu ya ai lam rai nga ai. Dai hpe "egalitarian" society ngu nna malu ai. Dai re majaw anhte Wunpawng sha ni a moi kaw na woi-awn ai Jinghpo Du ni a Madai dap nga ai nta gaw Miwa (Han amyu) masha ni rai n pra shi yang na Asia dan ting a kasi npawt rai nga ai lam hpe tsun ma ai.
Shingre majaw "Dian" prat na Hkawhkam ni a htunghking hta Wunpawng sha ni a htunghking ni maka ni lawm nga ai hpe mu lu ai. Nanchao Hkawhkam prat mung Wunpawng sha ni a Htunghking rai nga ai. Jahtum tsun ga nga yang anhte a Jiwa ni woi lai wa sai, Uphkang masa, Tara Jeyang ai htunghking masa ni gaw Asia dan ting a npawt rai nga ai hpe tang madun dat ai.
Ginchyum dat ga nga yang anhte Wunpawng sha ni a ginru ginsa ningmu ningnan ngu ai gaw:-
1. Sinna ga de na Hpaji ninghkring ni moi tsun masat tawn ai gaw Kachin amyu masha ni ya nga ai Jinghpaw mungdaw de du shang wa ai tsaban 16 AD (1500+) aten e re ngu ai kaw na 5th Century AD (400) ning jan hkan nna rai nga sai lam hpe chye lu ai.
2. Nanchao mungdan ngu ai gaw moi prat e Sam amyu masha ni a hkik hkam ai prat re ngu ningmu kaw nna "Jinghpo" amyu ni re ngu ai lam hpe Miwa labau sara ni hkap la wa ai lam rai nga ai. Ndai ni gaw 200 AD jan kaw nna 600AD-700 ning hkan du hkra nna pyi sinna de Hugawng ga hte India ga sinpraw Mekhong hka, Dingda de Bay of Bengal du hkra ginhkrang nga ai amyu ni re lam ni rai nga ai.
3. "Dian" kingdom ngu ai hta mung anhte gaw moi BC 475 shaning kaw nna BC 200 laman hkik hkam ai amyu hta lawm nga ai lam ningmu ningnan ni rai nga ai. Kunming tribes ngu ai ningmu ni rai nga ai.
4. Ginru ginsa hta Gansu Mung, Sichuan Mung, Qinhai, Shaaxi mung ni hta Qiang ngu ai amyu lakung kaw nna anhte Wunpawng sha ni yu hkrat wa ai ngu ai lam ni rai nga ai. Qiang amyu hpe daini na gaw hte gaw Tibeto-Burman ga shaga ai htinggaw ngu na masa re.
5. Bai nna Wunpawng sha ni Gauri kawng e nga lai wa sai sakse ni a lam hpe sagawn lu ai lam ni rai nga ai.
6. Asia dan ting a uphkang, jawjau ai masa gaw anhte Wunpawng sha ni kaw nna rai nga ai lam hpe hpungdim dat let shana dat ai lam rai.
Mahta ai laika
1. Jangma La: 2005 "Jangma ni a labau".
2. Maran Brang Di: "Kachin Ahtik labau 2004".
3. Lawang Li: 1992 Jinghpaw Wunpawng sha ni nga pra hkrat wa ai ahtik labau.
4. Manam Tawng a lakjet: 2006 JW Ginru ginsa labau dup Ginrat hpawng
5. Gauri Hkun Awng hte san-htai 2007
6. Benedict, Paul.K. 1946. A Conspectus of Tibeto-Burman. Australia.
7. Gernet, Jacques 2005 "A History of Chinese Civilization, Cambridge, USA".
8. Friedman Jonathan 1984 "Tribes, States and Transformations"; USA.
9. Harrell, Steven: 1997 "Yi" Univ. California press, USA.
10. Hall, DGE: 1956 "Burma: Univ. of London.
11. 1981, "A History of South-East Asia". Univ. of London.
12. Harvey G.E. 1925 "History of Burma, London".
13. Leach, Edmund: 1954 "Politcal Systems of Highland Burma, London".
14. Shouyi, Bai 2002: An Outline History of China, FL. Press Beijing.
15. Wang Zhusheng: 1997 "The Jinghpo Kachin of the Yunnan Plateau". USA.
16. Zengqi, Zhang: 2000 "Bronze Arts of Dian Kingdom" Yunnan, China
Ndai laika ngau gaw ndai kaw htum sai re. Ngam ai sumla ni hpe post langai hku nna mara na re. Laika gaw htum sai. Matut nna labau hte seng ai laga laika ni hpe ma matut mara mat na re.
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